Study on concrete proportioning methods: a qualitative and economical perspective
DOI: https://doi.org/10.20528/cjcrl.2021.01.003
View Counter: Abstract | 534 times | ‒ Full Article | 393 times |
Full Text:
PDFAbstract
The various approaches, established for concrete mix design, are not universal because design mixes are explicit to local climate, available materials, and type of exposure. The new-generation mix design method should be developed based on the performance criteria. The concrete strength obtained from the designed concrete mix and optimum cement content should not be considered as the only parameter for the suitability of the concrete mix. This study was carried to compare the proportioning of concrete mixes obtained by following procedures of Indian Standard (IS), American Concrete Institute (ACI) and British Standard (BS) of concrete mix design without the use of admixtures to validate for use in a moderate climate like Kashmir, India. The concrete mixes have been prepared with the necessary 28 days resistance in compression as “15 MPa, 20 MPa, 25 MPa, 30 MPa and 35 MPa”. The assessment of water-cement (w/c) ratio; cement, water, fine aggregate (FA) and coarse aggregate (CA) proportion was carried. The w/c ratio among all formulated mixes is significantly high in the BS method and low for IS method. The BS method uses less quantity and IS method uses the maximum quantity of cement. In addition, the ratio of total aggregate content (TAC) and the aggregate-cement ratio is higher in BS design method as compared to IS and ACI design methods. The aggregate content in ACI mix design appears to be consistent and it added to the relative high compressive strength. The specimens cast following BS guidelines failed to attain the target mean strength (TMS) due to a higher volume of aggregate content, high w/c proportion, less quantity of cement in the mix. The specimens cast by ACI and IS mix design upon compression testing showed higher results than the calculated TMS. The cost analysis per cubic meter of concrete revealed that IS and ACI mix proportioning are expensive than BS method. The IS procedure results in dense concrete followed by ACI procedure. It is expected that with a comprehensive investigation on selected design parameters concentrating more on local challenges, the present study will floor the way for the development and adoption of performance-based design mix selection for moderate climate.
Keywords
References
ACI 211.1-91 (reapproved 2002). Standard practice for selecting proportions for normal, heavyweight, and mass concrete. American Concrete Institute, USA.
ACI 318-08 (2008). Building code requirements for structural concrete. American Concrete Institute, USA.
Ahmed M, Islam S, Nazar S, Khan RA (2016). A comparative study of popular concrete mix design methods from a qualitative and cost-effective point of view for extreme environment. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 41(4), 1403–1412.
Al-khalaf MN, Yousif HA (1984). Concrete Technology Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, University of Technology.
Anon (1946). Laboratory studies of concrete containing air-entraining admixtures. ACI Journal Proceedings, 42(2), 305–360.
BS EN 12390-3 (2019). Testing hardened concrete. Compressive strength of test specimens. British Standard Institute, London, UK.
Chaubey A (2020). BRMCA method of proportioning concretes. Practical Concrete Mix Design, 97–108.
Chaubey A (2020). ACI method of proportioning concretes. Practical Concrete Mix Design, 69–79.
Dewar JD (1995). A concrete laboratory in a computer-case-studies of simulation of laboratory trial mixes. In: ERMCO-1995, Proceedings of the XIth European Ready Mixed Concrete Congress, İstanbul, 185–193.
Ejiogu IK, Mamza PA, Nkeonye PO, Yaro AS (2018). Comparative study of various methods for designing and proportioning normal concrete mixture. The Pacific Journal of Science and Technology, 19(1), 22–36.
IS 383 (1970). Specification for coarse and fine aggregates from natural sources for concrete (Second Revision). Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India.
IS 456 (2000). Plain and reinforced concrete – Code of practice (Fourth Revision). Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India.
IS 516 (1959). Methods of tests for strength of concrete. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India.
IS 10262 (2009). Recommended guidelines for concrete mix design. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India.
IS 12269 (1987). Specification for 53-grade ordinary portland cement. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India.
Lamond JF (1997). Designing for durability. Concrete International, 19, 34–36.
Mehta P, de Larrard F (1990). A Method for Proportioning High-Strength Concrete Mixtures. Cement, Concrete and Aggregates, 12(1), 47–52.
Mohammed MH, Al-Gburi M, Al-Ansari N, Jonasson JE, Pusch R, Knutsson S (2012). Design of concrete mixes by systematic steps and ANN. Journal of Advanced Science and Engineering Research, 2(4), 232–251.
Nataraja MC, Dhang N, Gupta AP (1999). A simple equation for concrete mix design curves of IS 10262:1982. Indian Concrete Journal, 73(2), 111–115.
Raju NK (2007). Design of Concrete Mixes, Fourth edition. CBS Publisher, New Delhi, India.
Sobolev KG, Soboleva SV (1996). High strength concrete mix design and properties optimization, concrete technology in developing countries. In: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference, Famagusta, TRNC, 189–202.
Wadud Z, Ahmad S (2001). ACI method of concrete mix design: a parametric study. In: 8th East Asia-Pacific Conference on Structural Engineering and Construction, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 1408–1416.
Wani SB, Ahmed J, Mohammed MHS, Muntazari TH, Rafique N (2020). Influence of nano-modification on mechanical and durability properties of cement polymer anticorrosive coating; Challenge Journal of Concrete Research Letters, 11(4), p. 92–104.
Wani SB, Haji Sheik MS (2021). Study of bond strength of plain surface wave type rebars with concrete: a comparative study. International Journal of Engineering, Transactions B: Applications, 34(2), 326–335.
Zheng SS, Wang XF, Lou HJ, Li ZQ (2011). Optimization design for mix proportioning of high strength and high-performance concrete. Advanced Materials Research, 368–373, 432–435.
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.