Challenge Journal of Structural Mechanics
cjsmec.challengejournal.com Challenge Journal of Structural Mechanics is an international, quarterly published and open access scholarly journal that publishes original research articles as well as review articles, case studies, short communications, discussions, book reviews, letters to the editor and a diary on international events related to any aspect of structural engineering. Primary aim of CJSMEC is to encourage academic challenges in structural mechanics and materials disciplines to seek for the global truth. Therefore, the Journal intends to publish at least a review or discussion as a challenge to previously published papers at each issue. A double blind peer-review policy is followed in order to increase the scientific quality of the published papers.
Copyright (c) 2025 by the Authors. This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY licence. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Long-term durability of red mud-modified cement mortars: Effects of high temperature and freeze-thaw cycles
The use of industrial by-products such as red mud in cementitious materials addresses sustainability by reducing environmental impact and improving performance. As a hazardous waste from aluminium production, red mud offers a promising solution for waste management and improves the mechanical and durability properties of mortar when used as a partial cement replacement. This study investigates the long-term mechanical and durability properties of cement mortars modified with red mud, a by-product of alumina production. Red mud was incorporated at substitution percentages of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30% and 35% by weight of cement. The mortars were subjected to harsh environmental conditions such as high temperatures (200°C to 600°C), freeze-thaw cycles (50 and 100 cycles), and normal curing conditions at 365 days of age. The study showed that partial replacement of cement with red mud significantly affected the mechanical and durability properties of the mortars. The optimum red mud replacement level of 10% showed that microstructural compactness and hardness were improved by increasing the ultrasonic pulse velocity, dynamic modulus of elasticity and flexural strength. Durability tests showed improved thermal resistance at moderate levels of red mud content, while higher levels adversely affected freeze-thaw performance. These findings confirm that a 10% red mud substitution offers the best balance between strength, durability, and sustainability.
Nonlinear in-plane response of 3D-printed concrete walls with varied infill patterns: Experimental mix design and numerical structural assessment
This study investigates the nonlinear in-plane structural behavior of 3D-printed concrete wall elements with two representative internal infill patterns ‒ lattice (L) and triangular (T) ‒ using finite element modeling informed by experimentally derived material properties. A printable concrete mixture was specifically developed using CEM I 42.5 R Portland cement, silica sand, and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) as a viscosity-modifying agent. Conventional cast specimens (40×40×160 mm³) achieved a 28-day flexural strength of 8.7 MPa and a compressive strength of approximately 63 MPa. Nonlinear behavior of wall panels with both infill types was investigated using numerical methods with advanced constitutive laws. These models account for the distinct compressive–tensile response of concrete and damage evolution under monotonic lateral loading, allowing assessment of the influence of geometry on load-bearing capacity and failure mechanisms. The results reveal that both infill patterns exhibit nonlinear load–displacement responses with an initial elastic regime, an early localized cracking peak, followed by a notable recovery in load-bearing capacity, and subsequently a global peak load prior to progressive post-peak softening. While the overall performance of both infill types was comparable, the T pattern exhibited a marginally higher peak load (1.7–2.7%) and improved ductility relative to the L form. These distinctions are attributed to the T-pattern’s more efficient diagonal force transfer and the development of a single continuous diagonal shear band, as opposed to the L-pattern’s multiple discontinuous cracks and broader damage zones.
Impact of screw arm angle, material property, and applied force on the behavior of maxillary expander
A unilateral or bilateral posterior crossbite is a common and severe malocclusion characterized by maxillary transversal deficiency. Various expansion appliances are employed to correct this condition. The objective of this study was to evaluate the forces transmitted to the teeth and the deformation of the expander appliance resulting from modifications to the screw arms of a slow maxillary expander with different angles, using finite element analysis. All models were created in SolidWorks and analyzed using ANSYS Workbench. The analysis revealed that the models with different angular configurations of the expander screw arms (0°, 15°, and 30°) exhibited very similar reaction forces on the teeth. However, significant differences in deformation values were observed among the models. The most effective parameter is the force applied to the expander with a rate of 46%, followed by the arm angle with a rate of 44%, while the effect of material type is 10%. The most significant conclusion that can be drawn from these findings is that the arm angle is as important as the force applied to the expander. In situations where the force that can be applied is limited by various factors, it can be demonstrated that altering the arm angle can lead to the achievement of the desired outcome.
Influence of damage state threshold variability on the seismic vulnerability analysis of masonry aqueducts
The accuracy of fragility curves, a key outcome of seismic vulnerability studies, directly influences rational seismic risk assessments. In this study, analytical-based fragility curves for a masonry aqueduct were derived using tested earthquake-based Intensity Measure (IM) parameters and various threshold limit values for specific damage states, as commonly used in the literature. The Maximum Intensity Damage Ratio (MIDR) thresholds for specific damage states proposed by FEMA 356, GERMHS, and ASCE 41-13 standards were considered. Additionally, damage state thresholds were determined through a capacity curve obtained via nonlinear static analysis and empirical relationships found in the literature. The effect of damage thresholds on the Probability of Exceedance (PoE) values for a specific damage state was analyzed using the reference MIDR values determined in this study. Based on earthquake ground motion records, PoE values corresponding to different damage states were evaluated separately for each IM parameter. The results demonstrate that the damage threshold value significantly impacts the developed fragility curves. Therefore, when developing fragility curves for the seismic risk assessment of masonry structures, it is crucial to analyze and determine the appropriate threshold levels for each structure individually, rather than directly applying the threshold values used in the literature.
Copyright (c) 2025 by the Author. This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY licence. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Seismic performance assessment of timber-framed (hımış) structures with different infill materials
This study investigates the seismic performance of traditional timber-framed (hımış) structures incorporating different types of infill materials through advanced nonlinear finite element modeling. Timber-infilled walls represent a widely used hybrid construction typology in seismic regions, where the interaction between the ductile timber frame and brittle infill materials critically influences structural behavior. Four configurations are analyzed: (1) Timber frame with adobe (mudbrick) infill; (2) Timber frame with fired clay brick infill; (3) Timber frame with natural rubble stone infill; and (4) Bare timber frame. A series of three-dimensional pushover analyses are conducted using ANSYS Workbench, where all materials are modeled using Multilinear Isotropic Hardening plasticity, including contact-based interface definitions and geometric nonlinearity. The mechanical behavior of each wall system is interpreted based on key seismic performance indicators, including initial lateral stiffness, base shear capacity, effective displacement ductility, and energy dissipation. Results show that while infill materials significantly increase the lateral strength and stiffness of the wall systems, they also introduce varying degrees of brittleness and reduced ductility. These findings emphasize the critical role of infill type in the seismic response of timber-framed walls and highlight the importance of understanding frame–infill interaction for the assessment and retrofitting of traditional building stock in earthquake-prone regions.
Examining the effects of different seismic base isolators on the seismic behavior of a real-size steel truss structure
In this study, the seismic behavior of a real-size steel truss structure is examined for elastomeric isolator, double friction pendulum isolator, and fixed support conditions. Hence, the main aim of the study is to examine which type of support is safer for seismic response of a real-size steel truss structure, considering the structural reactions under earthquake and other acting load effects. To do this, the structural models generated with three different support conditions are examined in detail in terms of earthquake characteristic according to conducted structural seismic analyzes. The real-size steel truss structures are modeled in SAP2000 structural analysis program and are designed in accordance with the Turkish Building Earthquake Code-2018 specifications. The snow and wind loads acting on the truss structures are calculated in the direction of TS EN 1991-1-3 and TS EN 1991-1-4 specifications, respectively. The earthquake forces are implemented to the truss structure through mode superposition method. Finally, the truss structure is comparatively examined in terms of the structural weight, base shear force, natural vibration period, and relative drift. As regards to the obtained results, it has been observed that the seismic responses of the steel truss structure are remarkable better when the seismic base isolator is implemented into the structure.
Improving bond performance of 3D-printable earth-based mortar reinforced with jute fibers
3D printing technology has transformed the construction industry by enabling rapid and cost-effective production of complex geometries. However, it faces significant challenges, including sustainability concerns due to cement's environmental impact and reinforcement issues arising from the incompatibility of traditional steel. These challenges necessitate the development of innovative material solutions. This study aims to enhance the bond strength between sustainable earth-based mortar and jute fibers used as reinforcement in 3D printed structures by exploring the effects of different treatments and compositions. Bond strength was evaluated by considering the effect of different treatments on the resistance of the fiber to being pulled out of the mortar. Pull-out tests were conducted on specimens with varying compositions and treatments. Results demonstrated substantial improvement in bond performance; specifically, the reference sand-free earth-clay mortar exhibited the lowest interfacial shear strength of 0.30 MPa. The most remarkable enhancement was observed in specimen which jute fibers pre-treated by immersion in mud slurry, which showed a 147% increase, reaching an interfacial shear strength of 0.74 MPa. Combining sand addition and fiber pre-treatment, however, did not yield additional benefits. These results indicate that simple, cost-effective local treatments can notably enhance fiber-matrix bond strength in 3D-printed earth-based structures without necessitating additional equipment or significant expense.
Influence of connector forces on the expansion configuration of a hexagonal modular floating structure
The preliminary design of a hexagonal modular floating structure (HMFS) system includes two configurations: U-shaped and V-shaped, which link seven hexagonal modules that create a network of connectors. The connector force is a crucial consideration in the layout of the connector network, as it must sustain the forces generated by wave motion due to its influence on the stability and safety of the modular floating structure. This paper presents the development of the HMFS connector network and the estimation of the connector horizontal force influence by two types of configurations. The design concepts of these configurations for HMFS configurations are proposed where analysis was implemented for regular wave in various directions of 0°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 85°, and 90°. The impact of these various wave directions and the HMFS configurations on the connector force is analysed accordingly. According to this research finding, the connector force in U-shaped configuration is higher than the load in V-shaped of HMFS configuration. The connector force of the V-shaped configuration is arranged in hexagonal vertices (VV-shaped) facing wave direction receive a higher connector force than hexagonal parallel sides (VP-shaped) facing wave directions. The determination of horizontal connector load of hexagonal modules with varying configurations enabled the designer to estimate the horizontal connector load for various conceptual designs of hexagonal shapes, such as dock ships, yacht terminal and floating cities.
Utilization of expired cement and aged roof tile powder in the production of sustainable geopolymer: Mechanical and physical properties
This study deals with the production of geopolymer mortar in order to promote the recycling of waste materials as sustainable building materials. The use of waste materials such as expired cement and aged roof tiles powders in cementitious systems is of great importance in terms of increasing environmental sustainability and reducing industrial waste. Recycling these materials and using them as alternative binders contributes to more environmentally friendly and economical concrete and mortar production by reducing natural resource consumption. Expired cement and aged roof tile powder were used as binder materials and mortar specimens were produced by activating these materials with alkalis such as NaOH and Na2SiO3 at different ratios. Within the scope of the experimental studies, mechanical and physical properties such as unit weight, ultrasonic pulse velocity, compressive strength and bending strength were investigated in detail. The results showed that the expired cement specimens performed better especially in unit weight, ultrasonic pulse velocity and compressive strength tests, while the roof tile powder had superior properties in terms of bending strength. It was also found that the specimens activated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) exhibited generally higher strength and performance than those activated with sodium silicate (Na2SiO3). These findings prove that waste materials such as both expired cement and roof tile powder can be valuable alternatives in the construction industry in terms of sustainability and waste management and reveal the potential of using these materials in geopolymer mortar production.
Impact of composite columns on soft and weak storey irregularities in buildings without ground floor infill walls
In buildings without infill walls on the ground floor, structural irregularities, such as soft and weak storey irregularities can significantly reduce their resilience to earthquakes. These irregularities arise from insufficient lateral stiffness and strength in the ground floor structure, leading to instability during seismic events. This study investigated the seismic performance of frame structures, focusing on two key factors: the lateral rigidity provided by infill walls and the potential benefits of replacing conventional columns with composite columns on the ground floor. The analysis was conducted in accordance with the Turkish Building Earthquake Code 2018 (TBEC-2018), which provides specific guidelines for designing structures to withstand seismic forces. The findings revealed that including the lateral rigidity of infill walls in the analysis increased the cracked cross-section’s moment of inertia by 5%. While this addition enhanced the building’s lateral load resistance, it also increased the rigidity irregularity coefficient by 33%, indicating a potential redistribution of seismic forces that could affect the overall stability. On the other hand, introducing composite columns on the ground floor helped reduce the rigidity irregularity coefficient by 20%, providing a more uniform response to lateral loads. However, this improvement came at the cost of a 29% increase in the strength irregularity coefficient, highlighting the challenges in balancing stiffness and strength irregularities. These findings emphasize the importance of carefully evaluating structural modifications to optimize seismic performance. While composite columns are effective in mitigating rigidity irregularities, their impact on strength irregularities must be managed to avoid compromising overall safety.
Investigation of the effects of re-curing on mechanical properties of basalt-polypropylene hybrid fiber concretes after exposure to high temperature
Fiber reinforced concretes have attracted significant attention in recent decades due to their superior flexural and toughness properties compared to traditional concrete in civil engineering structures. In addition, cementitious materials can undergo significant mechanical deterioration under high temperature. Therefore, the investigation of the properties of FRC for fire-resistant design has become an important research topic in recent years. On the other hand, there is very little research on the repair of FRCs damaged by fire. In this study, high temperature resistance of mixtures prepared using basalt and polypropylene fibers was investigated. In addition, the ability of FRCs exposed to high temperatures to regain their properties by applying water re-curing process was investigated. In this context, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), compressive and flexural strength of FRC series after different stages were investigated. In the use of water curing single basalt fiber, 18.56% and 13.82% increase in relative compressive strength was obtained after 600 °C and 800 °C, respectively. These increase rates were determined as 22.25% and 22.81% in relative flexural strength. Recovery was more significant in the hybrid mixture formed with 0.2% polypropylene fiber. 29.22% and 15.93% recovery was reported in relative compressive strength after 600 °C and 800 °C, respectively. It was determined that re-curing significantly increased the mechanical properties of FRC mixtures.
Predicting shear strength in reinforced concrete deep beams through finite element modeling of diverse concrete materials
This study investigates the prediction of the strength of reinforced concrete deep beams, critical components in urban infrastructure, by evaluating their load-carrying capacities through finite element modeling and nonlinear inelastic analyses using LS-DYNA software. Four widely used concrete material models were examined: Mat084/085, Mat159, Mat072R3, and Mat016. Analyses were conducted on two single-span and four double-span beams with varying reinforcement configurations and an aspect ratio of 1.0, based on well-documented experimental setups. Comparative analyses of force-displacement behavior and stress distributions revealed significant differences in shear strength predictions across the models, with Mat159 providing the most accurate results. These findings establish a reliable and cost-effective approach for predicting the capacities of deep beams, reducing reliance on extensive experimental testing. The study contributes valuable insights for improving strength predictions in critical infrastructure applications such as bridges and foundations.
Investigating the effects of glass fiber in enhancing concrete pavement performance
Flexible pavements are considered more sustainable than concrete pavements primarily due to the higher long-term maintenance and rehabilitation costs associated with concrete pavements. Concrete pavements possess a higher modulus of elasticity, which allows them to distribute vehicle loads over a larger area, thereby enhancing the strength of the pavement. However, despite this advantage, their flexural strength is relatively low. As a result, there has been a growing focus on research to improve the flexural strength of concrete pavements to increase their overall performance and sustainability. This study aimed to reveal the effects of enhanced mechanical properties of concrete reinforced with glass fiber on concrete pavements, specifically under heavy vehicle loading as in real-world conditions. The impact of glass fiber on the thickness of both the concrete and base layers, as well as the quality of the base layer material and transverse joint spacing, was assessed. For this purpose, 3D finite element models were developed using ANSYS software, considering concrete thicknesses of 100, 150, and 200 mm, glass fiber ratios of 0%, 0.5%, and 1%, base layer elastic moduli of 100, 200, and 300 MPa, and transverse joint spacings of 300, 450, and 600 mm. It was determined that the concrete thickness and the base layer modulus of elasticity were the most influential factors in minimizing flexural stress, total deformation, and equivalent total strain. The glass fiber addition had a more notable impact on maximum principal stress, especially at the 1% ratio, but had a minimal effect on total deformation and strain. Transverse joint spacing had the least effect, although shorter spacings are still recommended to reduce the risk of transverse cracking in stiffer base layers.
The mechanical properties of cement mortar reinforced with silica fume subjected to sulfate and chloride environment
This study investigates the effect of incorporating micro-sized silica fume on the mechanical properties and durability of cement mortar when exposed to sulfate and chloride environments. Mortar samples were prepared by replacing cement with micro-sized silica fume in varying proportions of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, and 35% by weight. The specimens were cured in water and chemically aggressive conditions, including 5% and 10% sodium sulfate solutions, as well as mixtures of 5% and 10% sodium chloride solutions, to simulate real-world exposure to such environments. Experimental results revealed that the addition of silica fume significantly enhanced the mortar's resistance to chemical deterioration caused by sulfates and chlorides. This improvement is attributed to the pozzolanic reaction of silica fume, which contributed to denser microstructures, reduced porosity, and a stronger bond within the matrix. Among the tested proportions, the optimal replacement ratios for achieving the best balance between mechanical strength and durability were identified up to 20%. These findings highlight the efficiency of silica fume as a supplementary cementitious material in mitigating the adverse effects of aggressive chemical agents. Such modifications can be particularly valuable in improving the service life of concrete structures exposed to harsh environmental conditions, enhancing sustainability and cost-effectiveness in construction practices.
Combined effect of rice husk ash and animal bone powder on strength and permeability of concrete
Concrete is a key component of construction, and its demand is rising quickly along with infrastructural development. Although cement and aggregates are still essential components for making concrete, the production of cement greatly increases CO2 emissions, necessitating the use of substitute materials to lessen the impact on the environment. As partial cement substitutes, rice husk ash (RHA) and animal bone powder (ABP) are viable alternatives. Animal bones, which are especially common in areas with high cattle populations, and rice husks, a byproduct of paddy production, are frequently discarded despite having useful qualities that can be used to improve concrete. With an emphasis on how they affect the material's permeability and strength, this thesis investigates the addition of RHA and ABP to concrete. Different RHA and ABP replacement amounts are examined through controlled experimentation to ascertain how they affect the properties of concrete following a predetermined curing period. The goal of this research is to determine the ideal combination that strikes a balance between environmental advantages and performance. In addition to improving the qualities of concrete, using RHA and ABP helps with waste management and pollution control. This strategy may help with sustainable building methods, reduce CO2 emissions, and encourage efficient use of resources by lowering dependency on conventional cement.
Copyright (c) 2025 Tulpar Academic Publishing http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Impact of iron powder and blast furnace slag on the mechanical properties of polymer concrete: An experimental and hyperparameter-tuned ANN-based study
Polymer-based materials have become increasingly used in concrete production and various engineering applications due to their versatile properties. In particular, polymer concrete (PC) has become a preferred reinforcement material in the construction industry. Various studies have been carried out to evaluate the performance of PC and to improve its mechanical properties by adding different admixtures. This study investigates the effects of fine materials such as iron powder (IP) and blast furnace slag (BFS) on the mechanical performance of PC. Within the scope of the study, samples with 5% and 10% IP, 5% and 10% BFS, 2.5% IP + 2.5% BFS and 5% IP + 5% BFS were prepared. These specimens were cured in the same laboratory environment and subjected to mechanical tests at the end of the 7th day. The results of the mechanical tests were compared to reveal the effect of fine materials on the performance of the PC. The potential of an artificial neural network (ANN) model is investigated to replicate real-world outcomes. The findings provide valuable insights into the potential of iron powder and blast furnace slag as admixtures to improve the mechanical properties of PC.
Copyright (c) 2024 by the Authors. This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY licence. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Mechanical properties of lightweight photocatalytic marbelite
This study investigated the mechanical performance of lightweight photocatalytic marbelite (LPM). In the production of LPM, titanium dioxide (TiO2) and various fiber additives were used to impart self-cleaning properties to the LPM with photocatalytic effect. In the study, fibers were added to the LPM mix at different ratios (0%, 0.5%, 1%) and unit weight, ultrasound transmission rate, bending, splitting tensile and compressive strength tests were carried out on these specimens. The mixture was prepared with perlite and polyester resin and enriched with TiO2 and fiber additives. Perlite was used as an aggregate in the LPM and lightweighting properties were added to the specimens. The experimental results show that increasing the fiber content significantly improves the mechanical strength of the LPM. The improvement in bending strength reached 60%, while in compressive strength it reached 25% and in splitting tensile strength it reached 35%. With the addition of TiO2, the bending strength of LPM increased by 15%, while the compressive strength increased by 12% and the splitting tensile strength increased by 7%. These ratios were higher with increasing fiber content. These results suggest that LPM, which provide environmental benefits with their photocatalytic properties and improved mechanical performance, can be more effectively used in industrial applications.
Copyright (c) 2024 Tulpar Academic Publishing http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Freeze-thaw and drop-weight impact resistance of fiber-reinforced pervious concretes produced using recycled pervious concrete aggregate
Pervious concrete can rapidly drain stormwater from the top layer to the sublayer. However, the porous structure of this concrete also results in low mechanical properties, which prevent the widespread use of pervious concrete around the world. This study investigated the freeze-thaw and drop-weight resistances of pervious concrete produced with recycled pervious concrete aggregate. Two different aggregate types (limestone and recycled) and two different aggregate size fractions (15/25 mm and 5/15 mm) were used to examine the effect of aggregate type and gradation. Additionally, for improving mechanical and durability properties, polypropylene fibers were used at three different dosages by the volume of mixtures (0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.3%). Within the scope of the study, compressive, splitting-tensile, and flexural strengths, effective porosity, freeze-thaw, abrasion, and impact resistance of pervious concrete were determined. The results showed that concrete produced with recycled aggregate had some advantages in terms of porosity; however, its mechanical properties, freeze-thaw, and impact resistance were lower than those of pervious concretes produced with limestone aggregate. Additionally, fiber addition decreased the compressive strength and effective porosity of pervious concrete. However, up to a certain point (0.2%), fiber addition improved abrasion, freeze-thaw, and impact resistance, as well as splitting tensile and flexural behavior of pervious concrete.
Copyright (c) 2024 by the Author. This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY licence. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Structural behavior of ferrocement beams with circular openings
The construction sector is a major contributor to resource consumption and waste generation. Therefore, developing more efficient and sustainable materials and infrastructure is a top priority for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. This research aims to contribute to this effort by studying the behavior of ferrocement beams with circular openings, with the goal of understanding their behavior under various loads and determining their potential use in designing more resilient and sustainable structures. Fifteen beams with different reinforcement mesh types were subjected to experimental testing under four-point loading, one group serves as the control with conventional reinforcement, while others vary in mesh type and opening configurations. All beams maintained approximately close reinforcement ratios, employing either two layers of welded galvanized steel mesh or a single layer of expanded steel mesh. Using numerical models, all fifteen beams were analyzed with the structural analysis program ANSYS V. 15 to study their non-linear shear behaviors and compare them with experimental data, focusing on load-deflection curves and failure modes. Results show that beams reinforced with expanded steel mesh achieved higher ultimate loads than those with welded mesh, with increases up to 81.59% depending on the opening configuration. However, beams with openings generally exhibited reduced ultimate loads, averaging 26.85% for welded mesh and 32.13% for expanded mesh, compared to beams without openings. Vertical openings, particularly with multiple openings, resulted in significant load decreases.
Optimization of mechanical properties in lime-based composites using the Taguchi method
Global warming is widely recognized as one of the most pressing issues of our time. One of the primary contributors to this phenomenon is the emission of CO2, which significantly exacerbates global warming. Today, the production and industry of cement stand out as leading sources of carbon emissions. Consequently, the scientific community is actively researching solutions to reduce cement usage. Some of these efforts focus on alternative binders such as silica fumes and lime. In this study, the goal is to enhance silica fume and lime binder composites, optimizing them for both refractory and insulating properties using the Taguchi optimization method. The results indicate significant improvements in compressive and flexural strengths, which were further validated through testing. The highest compressive strength achieved was 11.97 MPa, while the maximum flexural strength reached 0.34 MPa. This research underscores the potential of alternative binders in mitigating the environmental impact of cement production while enhancing material performance in various applications.
Prediction of optimum design of welded beam design via machine learning
Design optimization is an important engineering design topic. One of the important issues in structural design is to minimize the cost. This study based on an engineering problem of Welded Beam Design aims to minimize the cost of the beam with machine learning (ML) models depending on the constraints on applied load, shear stress, bending stress and end deflection. The data set to be used in this context was created using a metaheuristic optimization algorithm. This hybrid algorithm is based on the classical Jaya algorithm by adding the student phase of Teaching Learning Based Optimization. The dataset obtained as a result of the optimization is a dataset with 1189 rows. Six different algorithms were used for prediction analyses. These are Linear Regression, Decision Tree, Elastic Net, K-Nearest Neighbour, Random Forest, and XGBoost algorithm. In the data set, load, length, and displacement are input; the design variables such as b, h, l, t and minimum cost are output. Since there is more than one output in the dataset, Multioutput Regression is applied. The performance of regression models was assessed using the Coefficient of Determination (R²), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). According to the results obtained, the Decision Tree Model showed the best performance among the other models (R2=1, MAE=6.13e-11, RMSE=9.47e-10).
Influence of the distance between vertical cylinders positioned in a row on the wind load on them
The silos and vertical cylindrical tanks of small volumes are often built in batteries, at short distances between them. As a result of their close location, the wind load on them increases. In the European standard EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1:2010 exists a methodology for determining this increase, which is dependent on the ratio a/d, where a is the distance between the facilities and d is their diameters. Unfortunately, this methodology is applicable for ratios a/d > 2.5. In cases where the values are smaller, the standard transfers to the national annexes. In the available to the author annexes, including the Bulgarian one, there is nothing on the subject. Moreover, the necessary information could not be found in the public scientific literature. Only in the Australian/New Zealand standard AS/NZS 1170.2:2011 are written some simple rules for closely spaced vessels. To fill this gap, multiple models of closely spaced cylindrical bodies has been created by the author. A computer fluid simulation (CFD) program is used for this purpose. In the present study, the bodies are arranged in one row and the wind blows them perpendicularly. Through these computer models is determined how the wind load changes due to their proximity. In contrast to what is stated in EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1:2010, the dependence is not linear, and the influence of the close arrangement of the bodies decays much faster. On the other hand, this influence should be considered at much greater distances between bodies than stated in AS/NZS 1170.2:2011.
The effect of build direction on component strength in SLA-based additive manufacturing
Nowadays additive manufacturing is frequently used, especially in industrial applications such as aerospace and biomedical. In the additive manufacturing method, thanks to the layered manufacturing technique, it enables the production of components with all kinds of complex geometries and accelerates the production process. As it is known, the orientation of the layers in the additive manufacturing technique affects the mechanical properties of the components. Among the parameters affecting strength, layer thickness, production direction and layer geometry are of great importance. In this study, the effect of layer orientation on component strength in SLA-based additive manufacturing was experimentally investigated. Consequently, standard tensile samples were produced at four different production orientation using the UV Stereolithography method. Tests of the tensile samples were carried out at constant tensile speed and tensile curves were obtained. According to the results, it was determined that the layer joints parallel to the shear plane exhibited the lowest strength. Therefore, samples produced at the parallel to the shear plane fractures at lower loads and showed low strength. Considering the experimental results obtained, it has been determined that the structure orientation affects the mechanical properties of the component by ~20%.
Effect of different trimline extension of clear aligners in combination with Class II elastics on the mandibular dentition: a finite element analysis
Objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of different trimline extension of aligners and the effect of elastics applied through the slit cutouts and buttons on the mandibular dentition using Class II intermaxillary elastics combined with clear aligner treatment. Three-dimensional (3D) finite element models that simulate the effects of Class II elastics on the mandibular arch in four different scenarios were studied, named, straight and high trimline aligner (HTLA) model with elastic applied through buttons (Model 1), straight and low trimline aligner (LTLA) model with elastic applied through buttons (Model 2), HTLA model with elastic applied through slit cutout (Model 3), LTLA model with elastic applied through slit cutout (Model 4). 3D displacements of the teeth, von Mises stress (VMS) in the periodontal ligament (PDL) were calculated. In all models, the crown of the mandibular anterior teeth moved labially, the root moved lingually, and the mandibular first molars moved mesially. Among all models, labialization of incisors and mesialization of molars was highest in Model 2 and lowest in Model 3. In clear aligner treatment combined with Class II elastics, HTLA was more effective in controlling mandibular incisor proclination and mesial tipping of mandibular molars. The slit cutout models were more effective in controlling mesial tipping of mandibular molars.
From ruins to reconstruction: Harnessing text-to-image AI for restoring historical architectures
The preservation of cultural heritage has become increasingly important in the face of conflicts and natural disasters that threaten historical sites worldwide. This study explores the application of artificial intelligence (AI), specifically text-to-image generation technologies, in reconstructing heritage sites damaged by these adversities. Utilising detailed textual descriptions and historical records, this study employed AI to produce accurate visual representations of damaged heritage sites, bridging the gap between traditional documentation and modern digital reconstruction methods. This approach not only enhances the architectural design process across various disciplines but also initiates a paradigm shift towards more dynamic, intuitive, and efficient heritage conservation practices. The methodology integrates data collection, iterative AI-generated image production, expert review, and comparative analysis against historical data to evaluate reconstruction accuracy and authenticity. By integrating AI with traditional preservation practices, this study advocates a balanced approach to conserving cultural legacies, ensuring their preservation and revitalisation for future generations. Preliminary findings suggest that AI-generated imagery holds significant promise for enhancing digital heritage preservation by offering novel approaches for visualising and understanding historical sites. These findings also highlight the need to address ethical, technical, and collaborative challenges to enhance the precision, reliability, and applicability of AI technologies in the field of cultural heritage. This study contributes to digital humanities and archaeological conservation, demonstrating AI's potential to support and complement traditional heritage preservation methods and suggests a pathway for substantial methodological evolution in the field.
Ultimate drift ratio prediction of steel plate shear wall systems: a machine learning approach
Predicting the ultimate drift ratio of steel plate shear wall (SPSW) systems is important for ensuring the structural integrity and performance of these systems under lateral loads. In this study, machine learning models are developed for predicting the ultimate drift ratio based on various design parameters using data from previous research on SPSW systems. These design parameters include the panel aspect ratio, column flexibility parameter, axial load ratio, web plate thickness and stiffness of horizontal and vertical boundary elements. A range of machine learning models is considered, including Random Forest, Lasso, Gradient Boosting, XGBoost, Adaboost, Artificial Neural Network and a stacked regressor. The models are trained and evaluated using data from 292 different SPSW models, and their performance is compared based on the R-squared value, root mean squared error (RMSE), and evaluation time. The results of this study demonstrate the effectiveness of machine learning techniques for predicting the ultimate drift ratio of SPSW systems. The results of this study show that machine learning techniques effectively predict the ultimate drift ratio of SPSW systems. Among the models considered, the ANN model achieved the highest R2 value, with a value of 0.94.
The novelty design method in lightweight structures with low effective elastic modulus
Lightweight structures are of great interest in industrial areas such as automotive, aerospace, and biomedical due to their lightness, and superior mechanical performance. The advantages of lightweight structures are increased with the spread of additive manufacturing and design them in various geometries. Beam-based structures and triply periodic minimal surface structures are currently used to extend these advantages. In this study, it is aimed to create die models of beam-based structures in order to contribute to the geometric diversity for lightweight structures. By designing the die lattice structures of the beam-based structures, the comparison of the mechanical performance of basic lattice and die lattice structures with the same porosity was carried out. For FCC, CFCC, and Octet-Truss lattice structures, basic lattice and die lattice structures are designed on scaffolds in 5x5x5 array with 50%, 60%, 70%, and 80% porosity. Numerical data were obtained for Ti6Al4V with compression tests simulated by applying pressure in the -y direction. According to numerical analyses, the effective elastic modulus decreased due to the increased porosity in both structure models. The CFCC and Octet Truss scaffolds have different force transmission performances. Likewise, this situation is observed in die lattice structures, but the force transmission with the surfaces reveals the difference of the structures. The effective elastic modulus of basic lattice structure with 80% porosity of the Octet Truss structure is approximately twice that of the die lattice structure. Thus, the use of die lattice structures will provide advantages for the design of lightweight structures with low elastic modulus.
Strengthening of historic masonry vaults with CFRP prepreg
Masonry vaults, frequently used in historic buildings to create large openings, have played a critical role in the survival of these buildings to the present day. These structural elements, which have been exposed to destructive effects such as earthquakes for centuries, need strengthening activities in order to transfer cultural heritage to future generations. The use of composite materials with high mechanical properties for strengthening purposes has been a popular method since the beginning of the 21st century, and its effectiveness has been proven. In this study, a masonry vault in the historical redoubts located in Erzurum, Türkiye, was modelled, and the effectiveness of various strengthening scenarios using prepreg composites was investigated. Numerical simulations were conducted with the Finite element method-based macro modelling approach. The investigation revealed that retrofitting arrangements maintained the stress distribution in masonry vaults while reducing maximum tensile stress; intrados reinforcement proved more effective, particularly the intrados-straight retrofit, with a 24% improvement, whereas extrados strengthening showed limited effectiveness.
Effect of soil types on nonlinear earthquake behavior of buildings
The Winkler method, which is widely used today, assumes that the soil behaves elastically and does not take into account the soil shear stress values, it is insufficient to reflect the actual soil behavior. Especially in the earthquake calculations of rigid and massive structures such as high-rise buildings, dams, suspension bridges, viaducts, it is necessary to consider soil as a dynamic system that changes shape and affects the behavior of the structure in terms of inertia. In response to the effect of soil on the structure, the structure also affects soil both kinematically and dynamically. Thus, in the absence of the structure, the earthquake data, which is only a result of the dynamic behavior of the soil in its internal structure, now acquires a more complex soil motion characteristic that is also affected by the presence of the structure. The observations made in some earthquakes show that the changes between the records taken simultaneously on the building foundation and at soil surface not a point far from foundation, show that the structure also affects soil therefore soil motion in response to the effect of the earthquake on the structure. In this study, the effect of soil types on the nonlinear seismic behavior of reinforced concrete structures was investigated. For this purpose, 7-storey building models with different plans and rigidities were created. The behavior of these models under 11 different earthquake loads for the ZA, ZB, ZC, ZD, ZE soil types specified in the Turkish Building Earthquake Code has been investigated. Analyzes were made using the time history method with the help of the SAP2000 program. As a result of the analysis, the displacements, plastic hinge formation, Effective inter-storey drift and period values obtained for different models were compared.
Size effect on compressive behavior of GFRP bars
In the last three decades, studies investigating the use of Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) bars as an alternative to conventional steel rebars have increased due to their corrosive resistance. In addition to corrosion resistance, GFRP bars utilize high specific tensile strength, which makes them highly desirable in civil engineering applications. However, major design guidelines for GFRP-reinforced concrete structures currently do not consider their compressive contribution. Nevertheless, there is a growing trend in utilizing GFRP bars as compressive elements, driven by various studies demonstrating their ability to bear compressive loads effectively. This increasing demand underscores the need to comprehend the mechanical properties of GFRP bars, particularly in terms of their compressive behavior. Furthermore, a standardized test method to evaluate their compressive properties has not yet been developed. Addressing these gaps, this research paper focuses on investigating the influence of specimen size on the compressive strength of GFRP bars, specifically emphasizing on the compressive properties of GFRP bars. Compressive tests were conducted on GFRP specimens with varying diameters while maintaining a constant slenderness ratio. The findings from these compression tests shed light on the critical role of size in the compressive behavior of GFRP. This research emphasizes the importance of considering size as a significant parameter in designing mechanical properties for GFRP reinforcements.
Structural behavior of historical Obruk Inn under different earthquakes
Masonry structures is one of the most preferred structure types throughout history. The advantageous of these structures can be categorized as longevity, affordability and easy access to materials. Due to a lack of information and constructive errors, masonry structures suffer major damage under effect of earthquakes. While the vertical load carrying capacity of a masonry structure is excellent, its performance under horizontal loads is very poor. The brittle behavior of masonry structures, in particular, causes the structure to suffer significant damage or collapse completely during an earthquake. Türkiye is situated over a major earthquake zone. Throughout history, there has been numerous major earthquakes. These earthquakes have demolished the masonry structures resulted in significant life and economic losses. Therefore, in recent days, the examination of the seismic resilience performance of masonry structures as well as the required strengthening have become a pivotal issue. Thus, the aim of this study is to analyze the seismic performance of historical Obruk Inn subjected to different earthquake effects via finite elements method (FEM). To do this, the plans obtained from on-site inspections for historical Obruk Inn to create structural FEM model and its performance was evaluated under the influence of various earthquake excitations. As a result of the analyses, it was determined that the historical Obruk Inn structure should have immediate be strengthened against a possible earthquake.
On the evaluation of lateral-torsional buckling of web-tapered cantilevers with doubly symmetric I-section
Recently, structural engineers have tended to design stronger and lighter structures due to economic reasons, technical developments in computer-aided design, and improvements in manufacturing. The demand for designing stronger and lighter structures has led to the compulsory considering structural efficiency and stability loss at the design level. Lateral-torsional buckling (LTB) is a major stability loss for web-tapered cantilevers with doubly symmetric I-section, which are aesthetic and structurally efficient. The elastic LTB loads of these cantilevers should be calculated at the design level since the LTB may happen before bending stress reaches yield. Studies related to the LTB of cantilevers are rare and require numerical solutions since the LTB mode shape of cantilevers is complex compared to simply supported beams. The present study introduces an analytical procedure based on the energy method for calculating elastic LTB of web-tapered cantilevers with doubly-symmetric I-section in two different forms. The analytical model considers different transverse load types, positions of loads, and web tapering degrees. The analytical solutions were validated with one-dimensional finite element analysis using a beam element. Excellent accordance between results was demonstrated. The general LTB behavior of web-tapered cantilevers with doubly symmetric I-section was clarified with detailed comments based on results obtained from the presented analytical model.
Copyright (c) 2023 by the Authors. This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY licence. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Fuzzy logic based prediction of retaining wall stability
In geotechnical engineering, retaining walls are widely employed to solve the problem of supporting horizontal loads occurring between two different soil levels. In the traditional retaining wall design, stability checks continue until a safe design is obtained according to selected wall dimensions and soil properties. This design method is a process that is time-consuming and based on trial and error. In this study, the stability control of the retaining wall, which is a complex engineering design, has been carried out with fuzzy logic methods. Adaptive network-based fuzzy inference systems (ANFISs) including Grid Partition (ANFIS-GP) and Substructive Clustering (ANFIS-SC) have been utilized as fuzzy logic methods. The sliding stability criterion of the cantilever retaining wall has been obtained by performing 1024 retaining wall designs which are created using different wall dimensions. Ninety percent and ten percent of the 1024 sliding safety factor values acquired through numerical analyses were respectively allocated to the training and testing phases. The prediction performances of the methods have been evaluated by considering the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), and Coefficient of Determination (R²) obtained for the sliding safety factors during the training and testing stages. Upon juxtaposing the actual and anticipated sliding safety factors for a dataset comprising 1024 observations, it has become evident that the ANFIS-SC methodology outperforms the ANFIS-GP approach in terms of predictive accuracy. Furthermore, this analysis culminated in the determination that the application of fuzzy logic methods stands as an efficacious and dependable means for checking the stability criteria of retaining walls.
Copyright (c) 2023 Tulpar Academic Publishing http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Investigation of optimum tuned mass damper parameter according to stroke capacity
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Name="List Table 4 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]> <![endif]--> During major earthquakes, civil structures may collapse due to vibration that has a frequency close to the frequency content of the structure. Because of this, control systems have also been proposed for building structures. These systems can be active ones that are controlled by electronic devices or passive ones that are tuned mechanical systems. Passive tuned mass dampers (TMDs) include mass, stiffness element and damping element and these are tuned around the frequency of the structure. For optimum tuning and the complex nature of the mathematics under random vibrations, metaheuristic algorithms are needed to be used. In the presented study, TMDs are optimized via Jaya algorithm. The control system was optimized for displacement minimization of the structure. Additionally, the stroke amount of the system was limited. The stroke capacity factor was investigated for wide limits between 0.5 and 4 for normalized stroke according to the maximum displacement of the structure. The investigation was done for a single degree of freedom structure for a general conclusion. It is observed that the stroke limit did not affect performance and optimum parameters after 2.75. 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Copyright (c) 2023 by the Author. This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY licence. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Numerical investigation of the effective mechanical properties of Octet Truss lattice structures with different strut geometry
Lattice structures have an important role in lightweight structure applications as they can supply their mechanical performance with less material. Porous structures designed with inspiration from nature, has been used in many industries such as aerospace, automotive, defense industry and biomedical field. In order to continue these advances, studies on various design configurations of porous structure geometries are carried out. This study aimed to increase the usage potential of Octet Truss lattice structures in various sectors. A numerical model is created for 3 variable parameters: strut geometry, porosity, and material type. The effective elastic modulus values are determined based on the principles of Hooke's law for each model. Based on the obtained effective elastic modulus values, it has been concluded that differences in strut geometries, porosities, and material types contribute to 1.27%, 68.85%, and 29.86% of the observed effects, respectively. In order to establish a correlation between these factors, the data is transmitted to the MATLAB software, where equations are generated using the curve fitting approach. A total of nine equations have been generated and the R-square for these equations above 0.99. According to the two desired constant values, the effective elastic modulus can be calculated using these equations without any restrictions.
Viscoelastic rod using the generalized finite difference method
The finite difference method is quite extensively used to obtain the approximate solutions of many equations of mathematical physics. In this study, the precise algorithm in the time domain is combined with the generalized finite difference method to solve dynamic viscoelasticity problems. The numerical results obtained are satisfactory, and they are presented together with finite difference and finite element solutions.
Potential improvement of clinker sand in the mechanical high temperature and transport properties with GGBS-based prepacked geopolymer composite
In this study, a new generation prepacked geopolymer composite (PGC) material that can meet different needs was obtained by combining geopolymer concrete (GPC) and prepacked aggregate concrete (PAC) technology. In the production of PGC, 5-8 mm quartz aggregates were placed in molds and, geopolymer mortar was injected between these aggregates. Aluminosilicate based blast furnace slag (GBFS) was used as binding in geopolymer mortars; sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) was used as alkali activator. In addition, clinker aggregate in different proportions was used as fine aggregate (0–4 mm) in the production of mortar. Within the scope of the study, the physical, mechanical, permeability and high temperature resistance properties of PGC were investigated. The produced samples were cured at 30 and 60 °C for 6 and 8 hours. Hardened unit weights of PGC vary between 2342 and 2539 kg/m3, and sorptivity values vary between 0 and 0.04 kg/m2.min0.5. While the increase in curing temperature and curing time increases the hardened unit weight values, it decreased permeability values. While the increase of clinker aggregate in the mortar phase does not change the hardened unit weight, it significantly reduced permeability. When the PGC samples are cured at 30 °C, the compressive strengths are 20.38–39.03 MPa; when curing at 60 °C, the compressive strengths are 35.21–57.04 MPa. Flexural strengths, 2.35–6.96 MPa with 30 °C cure, achieved 4.27–9.93 MPa results with 60 °C curing. Increasing the curing time and curing temperature significantly increased the compressive and flexural strengths. The increase in the amount of clinker aggregate added to the mortar phase decreased the strength values. While the compressive strength values of PGC mixtures do not fall below 15 MPa after being exposed to 300 °C high temperature; after the application of 600 °C high temperature, it lost up to 70% of its strength. Increasing the curing time and curing temperature, increased the high temperature resistance. The increase in the amount of clinker aggregate in the mixtures, decreased the strength loss rate.
Three-dimensional static analysis of reinforced concrete cantilever beam using MATLAB Partial Differential Equation Toolbox
Nowadays, three-dimensional (3D) solid model of the structures can be prepared by using computer aided design programs. There are many numerical methods for static, dynamic and temperature analysis of structural systems. The most preferred among these methods is the finite element method (FEM). In this method, the structural model with different geometry and boundary conditions should be solved by utilizing partial differential equations. Due to the long solution time while performing, finite element programs require computers with very good features. Therefore, analyses with desired features can be performed by using open source programs to shorten the duration of analysis. In this study, specifically, the static analysis of the selected reinforced concrete (RC) cantilever beam was carried out by using the open source MATLAB partial differential toolbox based on the FEM. Since the program used is open source, different concrete classes and finite element models were selected for the cited cantilever beam and static analyses were performed. As a result of the MATLAB partial differential toolbox analyses, the displacement, stress and deformation of the cantilever beam were obtained in 3D and compared with the ones obtained from ANSYS computer program.
Effect of dosage on the mechanical properties of epscrete
Epscrete, which is made by employing aggregate made of expanded polystyrene beads, is often used to make wall panels, block components, and insulating plates. For these products to have greater mechanical qualities, 400, 600, and 800 dose epscrete specimens were made in this research, which also considered the influence of cement quantity. The water-cement ratio was considered to be 0.5. In addition to the reference specimens, the same manufacture was carried out utilizing a 1% plasticizer admixture. Specimens were subjected to unit weight, ultrasonic pulse, water absorption, bending, and comprehension tests 7 and 28 days after production. The effects of the dose and plasticizer rate on the physical and mechanical properties of early and ultimate epscrete specimens were determined according to the unit weight, ultrasonic pulse velocity, water absorption rates, bending and compressive strength values. Increasing the dosage increased the ultrasonic pulse velocity, reduced water absorption by reducing the amount of gap and reduced water absorption, and increased compressive strength by approximately 65 % and bending strength by about 60 %. It has been determined that the mechanical and physical properties of epscrete are affected by dose and mixture ratios. By increasing the dosage, it has been seen that carrier light carrier blocks can be obtained.
Effects of pre-cracked reinforced concrete in compression zone on prefabricated RC beam behavior
Cracks can occur in the compression zone of a beam cross section, in the middle part of the span due to different reasons. For instance, due to accidents happened during transportation of the prefabricated Reinforced Concrete (RC) beams on manufacturing site. In this study, effects of such cracks on the behavior of RC beams are investigated experimentally. Compression strength of concrete and intensity degree of pre-created cracks were adopted as test parameters. A total of eight RC beam specimens were tested under the effect of bending, applying three-point loading. According to the results it was observed that the pre-cracked RC beams had almost the same strength with the reference beams; but bending stiffness of the RC beams decreased when the intensity of the cracks increased relatively.
Investigation of mechanical properties of steel reinforcements in reinforced concrete structures as a result of exposure to fire
In this study, it is aimed to investigate the properties of the most commonly used metal and alloy steel materials, which are used in our country and in the world as engineering materials, under the influence of fire of the rebar in the concrete. Inspection standard TS 708:2010 S420 quality 8 mm diameter ribbed construction iron bars for 90 minutes in resistant furnace, atmospheric environment at 600 °C, 800 °C and 1000 °C concrete inside and outside the concrete at the specified temperature fire simulation, the process was allowed to cool in air. With the protective environment created by reinforced concrete, the temperature directly affecting steel bars located outside the concrete under the same conditions, The variable properties of the sample, which are inside the concrete and outside the concrete, were evaluated comparatively. Surface images of the specimens prepared in metallography were taken at different magnifications. The tensile strength of rebar bars did not change significantly according to the environment, but the samples in the concrete showed a more ductile tendency than the samples outside the concrete. The hardness values of the steel bars in the concrete and the steel bars other than the concrete decreased as the temperature increased and this decrease was higher in the samples in the concrete.