Reviews | Challenge Journal of Concrete Research Letters

Effect and optimization of incorporation of nano-SiO2 into cement-based materials – a review

Mohammed Gamal Al-Hagri, Mahmud Sami Döndüren


DOI: https://doi.org/10.20528/cjcrl.2022.01.004
View Counter: Abstract | 464 times | ‒ Full Article | 141 times |

Full Text:

PDF

Abstract


Incorporation of nanomaterials into cement-based materials has great potentials to improve their performance to great levels and to produce construction materials with superior and unique properties. Various nanoparticles have been utilized in cementitious composites to improve their properties. This paper provides a detailed review about the effect of the most widely incorporated nanomaterial into cement-based materials, namely nano-silica, on different on properties of cement-based materials. The investigated properties are mechanical properties (compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength), durability parameters (permeability, freeze and thaw resistance, high temperature resistance, fire resistance and sulfate attack resistance) and microstructural properties of mortar and concrete. The cost effectiveness of use of nano-silica in cement-based materials is also discussed. The optimum replacement percentage of cement with this nanomaterial to improve the performance of mortar and concrete is also investigated. The investigation showed that nano-silica has the ability to enhance the mechanical properties, durability and microstructural properties of concrete and mortar to a remarkable level. It also showed that the optimum content of nano-silica in concrete and mortar is 1.0-4.0% by weight of binder materials.


Keywords


cement-based materials; durability; mechanical properties; microstructural properties; nano-silica; optimum content

References


Adamu M, Ibrahim YE, Al-Atroush ME, Alanazi H (2021). Mechanical properties and durability performance of concrete containing calcium carbide residue and nano silica. Materials, 14(22), 6960.

Aggarwal P, Singh RP, Aggarwal Y (2015). Use of nano-silica in cement based materials—A review. Cogent Engineering, 2(1), 1078018.

Akhayere E, Kavaz D, Vaseashta A (2019). Synthesizing nano silica nanoparticles from barley grain waste: effect of temperature on mechanical properties. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 28(4), 2513–2521.

Al Ghabban A, Al Zubaidi AB, Jafar M, Fakhri Z (2018). Effect of nano SiO 2 and nano CaCO 3 on the mechanical properties, durability and flowability of Concrete. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 454, 012016.

Amin M, Abu el-Hassan K (2015). Effect of using different types of nano materials on mechanical properties of high strength concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 80, 116–124.

Ardalan RB, Jamshidi N, Arabameri H, Joshaghani A, Mehrinejad M, Sharafi P (2017). Enhancing the permeability and abrasion resistance of concrete using colloidal nano-SiO2 oxide and spraying nanosilicon practices. Construction and Building Materials, 146, 128–135.

Arif M, Al-Hagri MG, Shariq M, Rahman I, Hassan A, Baqi A (2020). Mechanical properties and microstructure of micro- and nano-additives-based modified concrete composites: A sustainable solution. Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India): Series A, 101(1), 89–104.

Asadi Z, Norouzbeigi R (2018). Synthesis of colloidal nanosilica from waste glass powder as a low cost precursor. Ceramics International, 44(18), 22692–22697.

Ashwini K, Srinivasa Rao P (2021). Freeze and thaw resistance of concrete using alccofine and nano-silica. Materials Today: Proceedings, 47, 4336–4340.

Bahadori H, Hosseini P (2012). Reduction of cement consumption by the aid of silica nano-particles (investigation on concrete properties). Journal of Civil Engineering and Management, 18(3), 416–425.

Balamurugan M, Saravanan S (2012). Producing nanosilica from Sorghum vulgare seed heads. Powder Technology, 224, 345–350.

Barbhuiya S, Qureshi M (2015). Handbook of Research on Diverse Applications of Nanotechnology in Biomedicine, Chemistry, and Engineering. Soni S, Salhotra A, Suar M. Applications of Nanotechnology in Cement and Concrete Science. Engineering Science Reference, USA, 624-639.

Bastami M, Baghbadrani M, Aslani F (2014). Performance of nano-silica modified high strength concrete at elevated temperatures. Construction and Building Materials, 68, 402–408.

Behfarnia K, Salemi N (2013). The effects of nano-silica and nano-alumina on frost resistance of normal concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 48, 580–584.

Behzadian R, Shahrajabian H (2019). Experimental study of the effect of nano-silica on the mechanical properties of concrete/PET Composites. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, 23(8), 3660-3668.

Beigi MH, Berenjian J, Omran OL, Nik AS, Nikbin IM (2013). An experimental survey on combined effects of fibers and nanosilica on the mechanical, rheological, and durability properties of self-compacting concrete. Materials & Design, 50, 1019–1029.

Bi J, Pane I, Hariandja B, Imran I (2012). The Use of nanosilica for improving of concrete compressive strength and durability. Applied Mechanics and Materials, 204–208, 4059–4062.

Biricik H, Sarier N (2014). Comparative study of the characteristics of nano silica-, silica fume-and fly ash-incorporated cement mortars. Materials Research, 17(3), 570–582.

Bolhassani M, Samani M (2015). Effect of type, size, and dosage of nanosilica and microsilica on properties of cement paste and mortar. ACI Materials Journal, 112(2), 1–7.

Carmo R, Costa H, Soldado E, Júlio E (2021). Influence of nano-SiO2, nano-Al2O3, and nano-ZnO additions on cementitious matrixes with different powder and steel fibers content. Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology, 19(1), 40–52.

Carneiro ME, Magalhães W LE, Muñiz GI de, Nisgoski S, Satyanarayana KG (2015). Preparation and characterization of nano silica from equisetum arvenses. Journal of Bioprocessing & Biotechniques, 05(02).

Cassar L, Pepe C, Tognon G, Guerrini GL, Amadelli R (2003). White cement for architectural concrete, possessing photocatalytic properties. Proceedings of the 11th International Congress on the Chemistry of Cement, Durban, South Africa, 2012–2021.

Chithra S, Kumar SRRS, Chinnaraju K (2016). The effect of colloidal nano-silica on workability, mechanical and durability properties of high performance concrete with copper slag as partial fine aggregate. Construction and Building Materials, 113, 794–804.

Choolaei M, Rashidi AM, Ardjmand M, Yadegari A, Soltanian H (2012). The effect of nanosilica on the physical properties of oil well cement. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 538, 288–294.

Crucho JML, Neves JMC das, Capitão SD, Picado-Santos LG de (2018). Mechanical performance of asphalt concrete modified with nanoparticles: Nanosilica, zero-valent iron and nanoclay. Construction and Building Materials, 181, 309–318.

De la Varga I, Muñoz JF, Spragg RP, Nickel CA, Bohn L, Fay A, Graybeal BA (2019). Nanosilica coatings to improve the tensile bond strength of cementitious grouts. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2673(10), 586–594.

Du H, Du S, Liu X (2015). Effect of nano-silica on the mechanical and transport properties of lightweight concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 82, 114–122.

Du H, Du S, Liu X (2014). Durability performances of concrete with nano-silica. Construction and Building Materials, 73, 705–712.

El-Gamal SMA, Abo-El-Enein SA, El-Hosiny FI, Amin MS, Ramadan M (2018). Thermal resistance, microstructure and mechanical properties of type I Portland cement pastes containing low-cost nanoparticles. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 131(2), 949–968.

Elkady HM, Yasien AM, Elfeky MS, Serag ME (2019). Assessment of mechanical strength of nano silica concrete (NSC) subjected to elevated temperatures. Journal of Structural Fire Engineering, 10(1), 90–109.

Farajzadehha Soroush, Mahdikhani M, Moayed R, Farajzadehha Soheil (2020). Experimental study of permeability and elastic modulus of plastic concrete containing nano silica. Structural Concrete, e202000551, 1–12.

Gaitero JJ, Campillo I, Guerrero A (2008). Reduction of the calcium leaching rate of cement paste by addition of silica nanoparticles. Cement and concrete research, 38(8–9), 1112–1118.

Ghafari E, Costa H, Júlio E, Portugal A, Durães L (2014). The effect of nanosilica addition on flowability, strength and transport properties of ultra high performance concrete. Materials & Design, 59, 1–9.

Givi AN, Rashid SA, Aziz FNA, Salleh MAM (2011). The effects of lime solution on the properties of SiO2 nanoparticles binary blended concrete. Composites Part B: Engineering, 42(3), 562–569.

Givi AN, Rashid SA, Aziz FNA, Salleh MAM (2010). Experimental investigation of the size effects of SiO2 nano-particles on the mechanical properties of binary blended concrete. Composites Part B: Engineering, 41(8), 673–677.

Haruehansapong S, Pulngern T, Chucheepsakul S (2014). Effect of the particle size of nanosilica on the compressive strength and the optimum replacement content of cement mortar containing nano-SiO2. Construction and Building Materials, 50, 471–477.

He X, Shi X (2008). Chloride permeability and microstructure of Portland cement mortars incorporating nanomaterials. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2070, 13–21.

Heikal M, Al-Duaij OK, Ibrahim NS (2015). Microstructure of composite cements containing blast-furnace slag and silica nano-particles subjected to elevated thermally treatment temperature. Construction and Building Materials, 93, 1067–1077.

Horszczaruk E, Sikora P, Cendrowski K, Mijowska E (2017). The effect of elevated temperature on the properties of cement mortars containing nanosilica and heavyweight aggregates. Construction and Building Materials, 137, 420–431.

Hou Pengkun, Kawashima S, Kong D, Corr DJ, Qian J, Shah SP (2013). Modification effects of colloidal nanoSiO2 on cement hydration and its gel property. Composites Part B: Engineering, 45(1), 440–448.

Hou Peng-kun, Kawashima S, Wang K, Corr DJ, Qian J, Shah SP (2013). Effects of colloidal nanosilica on rheological and mechanical properties of fly ash–cement mortar. Cement and Concrete Composites, 35(1), 12–22.

Huang Q, Zhu X, Zhao L, Zhao M, Liu Y, Zeng X (2020). Effect of nanosilica on sulfate resistance of cement mortar under partial immersion. Construction and Building Materials, 231, 117180.

Ibrahim KIM (2017). The effect of high elevated temperatures on nano silica high strength concrete [NSHSC]. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, 14(04), 61–66.

Ibrahim RK, Hamid R, Taha MR (2012). Fire resistance of high-volume fly ash mortars with nanosilica addition. Construction and Building Materials, 36, 779–786.

Jalal M (2012). Durability enhancement of concrete by incorporating titanium dioxide nanopowder into binder. Journal of American Science, 8(4), 289–294.

Jalal M, Mansouri E, Sharifipour M, Pouladkhan AR (2012). Mechanical, rheological, durability and microstructural properties of high performance self-compacting concrete containing SiO2 micro and nanoparticles. Materials & Design, 34, 389–400.

Jalal M, Pouladkhan A, Harandi OF, Jafari D (2015). Comparative study on effects of Class F fly ash, nano silica and silica fume on properties of high performance self compacting concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 94, 90–104.

Janković K, Stanković S, Bojović D, Stojanović M, Antić L (2016). The influence of nano-silica and barite aggregate on properties of ultra high performance concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 126, 147–156.

Jayapalan AR, Lee BY, Kurtis KE (2013). Can nanotechnology be ‘green’? Comparing efficacy of nano and microparticles in cementitious materials. Cement and Concrete Composites, 36, 16–24.

Ji T (2005). Preliminary study on the water permeability and microstructure of concrete incorporating nano-SiO2. Cement and Concrete Research, 35(10), 1943–1947.

Juenger MCG, Siddique R (2015). Recent advances in understanding the role of supplementary cementitious materials in concrete. Cement and concrete research, 78, 71–80.

Kawashima S, Hou P, Corr DJ, Shah SP (2013). Modification of cement-based materials with nanoparticles. Cement and Concrete Composites, 36, 8–15.

Kewalramani MA, Syed ZI (2018). Application of nanomaterials to enhance microstructure and mechanical properties of concrete. International Journal of Integrated Engineering, 10(2).

Khalaf MA, Cheah CB, Ramli M, Ahmed NM, Al-Shwaiter A (2020). Effect of nano zinc oxide and silica on mechanical, fluid transport and radiation attenuation properties of steel furnace slag heavyweight concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 121785.

Khanzadi M, Tadayon M, Sepehri H, Sepehri M (2010). Influence of nano-silica particles on mechanical properties and permeability of concrete. The 2nd International Conference on Sustainable Construction Materials and Technologies, Ancona, Italy, 1–7.

Khoshakhlagh A, Nazari A, Khalaj G (2012). Effects of Fe2O3 nanoparticles on water permeability and strength assessments of high strength self-compacting concrete. Journal of Materials Science & Technology, 28(1), 73–82.

Kooshafar M, Madani H (2020). An investigation on the influence of nano silica morphology on the characteristics of cement composites. Journal of Building Engineering, 30, 101293.

Lazaro A, Quercia G, Brouwers HJH (2012). Production and application of a new type of nano-silica in concrete, in: Proceedings of the International Conference on Building Materials. Finger-Institut Fur Baustoffkunde, Weimar, Germany. pp. 1–6.

Lazaro A, Quercia G, Brouwers HJH, Geus JW (2013). Synthesis of a green nano-silica material using beneficiated waste dunites and its application in concrete. World Journal of Nano Science and Engineering, 3(3), 41–51.

Li H, Xiao HG, Yuan J, Ou J (2004). Microstructure of cement mortar with nano-particles. Composites Part B: Engineering, 35(2), 185-189.

Li J, Wu Z, Shi C, Yuan Q, Zhang Z (2020). Durability of ultra-high performance concrete – A review. Construction and Building Materials, 255, 119296.

Li LG, Zhu J, Huang ZH, Kwan AKH, Li LJ (2017). Combined effects of micro-silica and nano-silica on durability of mortar. Construction and Building Materials, 157, 337–347.

Li W, Huang Z, Cao F, Sun Z, Shah SP (2015). Effects of nano-silica and nano-limestone on flowability and mechanical properties of ultra-high-performance concrete matrix. Construction and Building Materials, 95, 366–374.

Liu R, Xiao H, Geng J, Du J, Liu M (2020). Effect of nano-CaCO3 and nano-SiO2 on improving the properties of carbon fibre-reinforced concrete and their pore-structure models. Construction and Building Materials, 244, 118297.

Ma Q, Zhu Y (2017). Experimental research on the microstructure and compressive and tensile properties of nano-SiO2 concrete containing basalt fibers. Underground Space, 2(3), 175–181.

Madandoust R, Mohseni E, Mousavi SY, Namnevis M (2015). An experimental investigation on the durability of self-compacting mortar containing nano-SiO2, nano-Fe2O3 and nano-CuO. Construction and Building Materials, 86, 44–50.

Maheswaran S, Bhuvaneshwari B, Palani GS, Nagesh R, Kalaiselvam S (2013). An overview on the influence of nano silica in concrete and a research initiative. Research Journal of Recent Sciences, 2(ISC-2012), 17–24.

Manchanda CK, Khaiwal R, Mor S (2017). Application of sol–gel technique for preparation of nanosilica from coal powered thermal power plant fly ash. Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology, 83(3), 574–581.

Mohamed SAE-A, Ragab AE-R (2014). Physico-mechanical properties and microstructure of blended cement incorporating nano-silica. International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology, 3(7), 339–358.

Mohseni E, Miyandehi BM, Yang J, Yazdi MA (2015). Single and combined effects of nano-SiO2, nano-Al2O3 and nano-TiO2 on the mechanical, rheological and durability properties of self-compacting mortar containing fly ash. Construction and Building Materials, 84, 331–340.

Mor S, Manchanda CK, Kansal SK, Ravindra K (2017). Nanosilica extraction from processed agricultural residue using green technology. Journal of Cleaner Production, 143, 1284–1290.

Mussa MH, Radzi NAM, Hamid R, Mutalib AA (2021). Fire Resistance of High-Volume Fly Ash RC Slab Inclusion with Nano-Silica. Materials, 14(12), 3311.

Nazari A, Riahi S (2011a). The effects of SiO2 nanoparticles on physical and mechanical properties of high strength compacting concrete. Composites Part B: Engineering, 42(3), 570–578.

Nazari A, Riahi S (2011b). The effects of TiO2 nanoparticles on properties of binary blended concrete. Journal of Composite Materials, 45(11), 1181–1188.

Nazari A, Riahi S (2011c). TiO2 nanoparticles effects on physical, thermal and mechanical properties of self compacting concrete with ground granulated blast furnace slag as binder. Energy and Buildings, 43(4), 995–1002.

Ngo V-T, Bui T-T, Lam T-Q-K, Nguyen T-T-N, Nguyen V-H (2020). Experimental evaluation of nano silica effects to high performance concrete strength in early age. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 869, 032011.

Niewiadomski P, Hoła J, Ćwirzeń A (2018). Study on properties of self-compacting concrete modified with nanoparticles. Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, 18(3), 877–886.

Nili M, Ehsani A, Shabani K (2010). Influence of nano-SiO2 and micro-silica on concrete performance. Second international conference on sustainable construction materials and technologies, Ancona, Italy, 67-73.

Nima F, Ali AAA, Demirboga R (2011). Development of nanotechnology in high performance concrete. Advanced Materials Research, 364, 115–118.

Oltulu M, Şahin R (2013). Effect of nano-SiO2, nano-Al2O3 and nano-Fe2O3 powders on compressive strengths and capillary water absorption of cement mortar containing fly ash: A comparative study. Energy and Buildings, 58, 292–301.

Oltulu M, Şahin R (2011). Single and combined effects of nano-SiO2, nano-Al2O3 and nano-Fe2O3 powders on compressive strength and capillary permeability of cement mortar containing silica fume. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 528(22–23), 7012–7019.

Quercia G, Brouwers HJH (2010). Application of nano-silica (nS) in concrete mixtures. 8th fib PhD Symposium, Lyngby, Denmark, 431-436.

Quercia G, Lazaro A, Geus JW, Brouwers HJH (2013). Characterization of morphology and texture of several amorphous nano-silica particles used in concrete. Cement and Concrete Composites, 44, 77–92.

Quercia G, Spiesz P, Hüsken G, Brouwers HJH (2014). SCC modification by use of amorphous nano-silica. Cement and Concrete Composites, 45, 69–81.

Rashad AM (2014). A comprehensive overview about the effect of nano-SiO2 on some properties of traditional cementitious materials and alkali-activated fly ash. Construction and Building Materials, 52, 437–464.

Reches Y (2018). Nanoparticles as concrete additives: Review and perspectives. Construction and Building Materials, 175, 483–495.

Reddy AN, Reddy PN, Kavyateja BV, Reddy GGK (2020). Influence of nanomaterial on high-volume fly ash concrete: a statistical approach. Innovative Infrastructure Solutions, 5(3), 88.

Reddy Babu G, Ramana NV, Naresh Kumar T, Visesh Kumar K (2019). Effect of nanosilica on properties and durability in cement. Materials Today: Proceedings, 19, 599–605.

Rong Z, Sun W, Xiao H, Jiang G (2015). Effects of nano-SiO2 particles on the mechanical and microstructural properties of ultra-high performance cementitious composites. Cement and Concrete Composites, 56, 25–31.

Safiuddin M, Gonzalez M, Cao J, Tighe SL (2014). State-of-the-art report on use of nano-materials in concrete. International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 15(10), 940–949.

Said AM, Zeidan MS, Bassuoni MT, Tian Y (2012). Properties of concrete incorporating nano-silica. Construction and Building Materials, 36, 838–844.

Seifan M, Mendoza S, Berenjian A (2020). Mechanical properties and durability performance of fly ash based mortar containing nano- and micro-silica additives. Construction and Building Materials, 252, 119121.

Senff L, Labrincha JA, Ferreira VM, Hotza D, Repette WL (2009). Effect of nano-silica on rheology and fresh properties of cement pastes and mortars. Construction and Building Materials, 23(7), 2487–2491.

Senff L, Tobaldi DM, Lucas S, Hotza D, Ferreira VM, Labrincha JA (2013). Formulation of mortars with nano-SiO2 and nano-TiO2 for degradation of pollutants in buildings. Composites Part B: Engineering, 44(1), 40–47.

Shafiq N, Kumar R, Zahid M, Tufail RF (2019). Effects of modified metakaolin using nano-silica on the mechanical properties and durability of concrete. Materials, 12(14), 2291.

Shahrajabian F, Behfarnia K (2018). The effects of nano particles on freeze and thaw resistance of alkali-activated slag concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 176, 172–178.

Shaikh FUA, Supit SWM, Sarker PK (2014). A study on the effect of nano silica on compressive strength of high volume fly ash mortars and concretes. Materials & Design, 60, 433–442.

Sharaky IA, Megahed FA, Seleem MH, Badawy AM (2019). The influence of silica fume, nano silica and mixing method on the strength and durability of concrete. SN Applied Sciences, 1(6), 575.

Shebl SS, Allie L, Morsy MS, Aglan HA (2009). Mechanical behavior of activated nano silicate filled cement binders. Journal of Materials Science, 44(6), 1600–1606.

Siang Ng D, Paul SC, Anggraini V, Kong SY, Qureshi TS, Rodriguez CR, Liu Q, Šavija B (2020). Influence of SiO2, TiO2 and Fe2O3 nanoparticles on the properties of fly ash blended cement mortars. Construction and Building Materials, 258, 119627.

Sikora P, Abd Elrahman M, Stephan D (2018). The influence of nanomaterials on the thermal resistance of cement-based composites—A review. Nanomaterials, 8(7), 465.

Sikora P, Łukowski P, Cendrowski K, Horszczaruk E, Mijowska E (2015). The effect of nanosilica on the mechanical properties of polymer-cement composites (PCC). Procedia Engineering, 108, 139–145.

Singh LP, Karade SR, Bhattacharyya SK, Yousuf MM, Ahalawat S (2013). Beneficial role of nanosilica in cement based materials – A review. Construction and Building Materials, 47, 1069–1077.

Sowjanya S, Adiseshu S (2022). Statistical analysis of the physical properties of ternary blended concrete. Innovative Infrastructure Solutions, 7(1), 10.

Stefanidou M, Papayianni I (2012). Influence of nano-SiO2 on the Portland cement pastes. Composites Part B: Engineering, 43(6), 2706–2710.

Tobbala DE (2021). Comparative study on the durability of nano-silica and nano-ferrite concrete. East African Scholars Journal of Engineering and Computer Sciences, 4(9), 124–131.

Vargas P, Marín NA, Tobón JI (2018). Performance and microstructural analysis of lightweight concrete blended with nanosilica under sulfate attack. Advances in Civil Engineering, 2018, 1–11.

Varisha, Zaheer MM, Hasan SD (2021). Mechanical and durability performance of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and nanosilica (NS) admixed cement mortar. Materials Today: Proceedings, 42, 1422–1431.

Vaz-Ramos J, Santiago A, Portugal A, Durães L (2019). Synthesis of silica nanoparticles to enhance the fire resistance of cement mortars. Fire Research, 3(1).

Vivek D, Elango KS, Saravanakumar R, Mohamed Rafek B, Ragavendra P, Kaviarasan S, Raguram E (2020). Effect of nano-silica in high performance concrete. Materials Today: Proceedings, 37(2), 1226-1229.

Wu Z, Shi C, Khayat KH, Wan S (2016). Effects of different nanomaterials on hardening and performance of ultra-high strength concrete (UHSC). Cement and Concrete Composites, 70, 24–34.

Ying J, Zhou B, Xiao J (2017). Pore structure and chloride diffusivity of recycled aggregate concrete with nano-SiO2 and nano-TiO2. Construction and Building Materials, 150, 49–55.

Zhang M-H, Islam J (2012). Use of nano-silica to reduce setting time and increase early strength of concretes with high volumes of fly ash or slag. Construction and Building Materials, 29, 573–580.

Zhang M, Li H (2011). Pore structure and chloride permeability of concrete containing nano-particles for pavement. Construction and Building Materials, 25(2), 608–616.

Zhang P, Sha D, Li Q, Zhao S, Ling Y (2021). Effect of nano silica particles on impact resistance and durability of concrete containing coal fly ash. Nanomaterials, 11(5), 1296.

Zhao Y, Cui N, Zhao S, Zhu Y, Hou P, Feng L, Xie N (2021). Aggressive Environment resistance of concrete products modified with nano alumina and nano silica. Frontiers in Materials, 8 (695624), 1-12.

Zhuang C, Chen Y (2019). The effect of nano-SiO2 on concrete properties: a review. Nanotechnology Reviews, 8(1), 562–572.

Zidi Z, Ltifi M, Zafar I (2021). Comparative study: nanosilica, nanoalumina, and nanozinc oxide addition on the properties of localized geopolymer. Journal of the Australian Ceramic Society, 57(3), 783–792.


Refbacks