Reinforcement corrosion in coastal and marine concrete: A review
DOI: https://doi.org/10.20528/cjcrl.2018.02.003
View Counter: Abstract | 1500 times | ‒ Full Article | 501 times |
Full Text:
PDFAbstract
Concrete is used as a structural material for construction of buildings, jetties, harbors, etc. in many coastal and marine locations. The reinforcement used in concrete is susceptible to corrosion, resulting in loss of steel area, loss of bond, expansion of the reinforcement volume leading to cracking or spalling of concrete. Marine environment induces higher corrosion of reinforcement, compared to in-land locations. Concrete exposed to tidal fluctuations, or to the action of waves and currents are among the most severely affected. Corrosion of reinforcement in concrete is of major concern in coastal and marine environment. Control and monitoring of corrosion is a big challenge to engineers. In the recent years, different investigators reported their studies in this area. Depending on the severity of the exposure conditions, different corrosion inhibitors and protection methods have been attempted with varying degrees of success. The present article presents a generic review of the corrosion issues in marine concrete. Drawing from the experiences of the various researchers, the corrosion measurements, and corrosion control schemes, including use of coated reinforcements and corrosion inhibitors are discussed. The durability performance based design of concrete in the probabilistic framework and the life cycle cost analysis for durability design decisions have been identified as the future direction of corrosion protection of coastal and marine structures.
Keywords
References
Alhozaimy A, Hussain RR, Al-Zaid R, Al-Negheimish (2012). A Coupled effect of ambient high relative humidity and varying temperature marine environment on corrosion of reinforced concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 28, 670–679.
Allen RTL (1998). Concrete in Coastal Structures. Thomas Telford Publishing, London, UK.
Al-Majidi MH, Lampropoulos AP, Cundy AB, Tsioulou OT, Al-Rekabi S (2018). A novel corrosion resistant repair technique for existing reinforced concrete (RC) elements using polyvinyl alcohol fibre reinforced geopolymer concrete (PVAFRGC). Construction and Building Materials, 164, 603–619.
Asrar N, Malik AU, Ahmad S, Mujahid FS (1999). Corrosion protection performance of microsilica added con-cretes in NaCl and seawater environments. Construction and Building Materials, 13, 213-219.
Bertolini L, Bolzoni F, Pastore T, Pedeferri P (2004). Effectiveness of a conductive cementitious mortar anode for cathodic protection of steel in concrete. Cement and Concrete Research, 34, 681–694.
Bertolini L, Gastaldi M, Pedeferri MP, Redaelli E (2002). Prevention of steel corrosion in concrete exposed to seawater with submerged sacrificial anodes. Corrosion Science, 44, 1497–1513.
Bertolini L, Redaelli E (2009). Throwing power of cathodic prevention applied by means of sacrificial anodes to partially submerged marine reinforced concrete piles: Results of numerical simulations. Corrosion Science, 51, 2218–2230.
Chalee W, Ausapanit P, Jaturapitakkul C (2010). Utilization of fly ash concrete in marine environment for long term design life analysis. Materials and Design, 31, 1242–1249.
Chalee W, Jaturapitakkul C, Chindaprasirt P (2009). Predicting the chloride penetration of fly ash concrete in seawater. Marine Structures, 22, 341–353.
Dai JG, Akira Y, Wittmann FH, Yokota H, Zhang P (2010). Water repellent surface impregnation for extension of service life of reinforced concrete structures in marine environments: The role of cracks. Cement & Concrete Composites, 32, 101–109.
Deby F, Carcassès M, Sellier A (2009). Probabilistic approach for durability design of reinforced concrete in ma-rine environment. Cement and Concrete Research, 39, 466–471.
De Medeiros-Junior RA, De Lima MG, De Brito PC, De Medeiros MHF (2015). Chloride penetration into concrete in an offshore platform - analysis of exposure conditions. Ocean Engineering, 103, 78–87.
Dong SG, Zhao B, Lin CJ, Du RG, Hu RG, Zhang GX (2012). Corrosion behavior of epoxy/zinc duplex coated rebar embedded in concrete in ocean environment. Construction and Building Materials, 28, 72–78.
Duffó GS, Farina SB (2009). Development of an embeddable sensor to monitor the corrosion process of new and existing reinforced concrete structures. Construction and Building Materials, 23, 2746–2751.
Ferreira RM (2010). Optimization of RC structure performance in marine environment, Engineering Structures, 32, 1489-1494.
Gong C, Jianzhong L, Cuicui C, Changfeng L, Liang S (2012). Study on silane impregnation for protection of high performance concrete. Chinese Materials Conference, Procedia Engineering, 27, 301–307.
Guzmán S, Gálvez JC, Sancho JM (2011). Cover cracking of reinforced concrete due to rebar corrosion induced by chloride penetration. Cement and Concrete Research, 41, 893–902.
Hussain RR (2011). Effect of moisture variation on oxygen consumption rate of corroding steel in chloride con-taminated concrete. Cement & Concrete Composites, 33, 154–161.
Kawasaki Y, Tomoda Y, Ohtsu M (2010). AE monitoring of corrosion process in cyclic wet–dry test. Construction and Building Materials, 24, 2353–2357.
Kondratova IL, Montes P, Bremner TW (2003). Natural marine exposure results for reinforced concrete slabs with corrosion inhibitors. Cement & Concrete Composites, 25, 483–490.
Lopez-Calvo HZ, Montes-Garcia P, Bremner TW, Thomas MDA, Jiménez-Quero VG (2012). Compressive strength of HPC containing CNI and fly ash after long-term exposure to a marine environment. Cement & Concrete Composites, 34, 110–118.
Luping T (2008). Engineering expression of the ClinConc model for prediction of free and total chloride ingress in submerged marine concrete. Cement and Concrete Research, 38, 1092–1097.
Martínez I, Andrade C (2008). Application of EIS to cathodically protected steel: Tests in sodium chloride solu-tion and in chloride contaminated concrete. Corrosion Science, 50, 2948–2958.
Medeiros MHF, Helene P (2009). Surface treatment of reinforced concrete in marine environment: Influence on chloride diffusion coefficient and capillary water absorption. Construction and Building Materials, 23, 1476–1484.
Meira GR, Andrade C, Alonso C, Borba Jr. JC, Padilha Jr. M (2010). Durability of concrete structures in marine atmosphere zones – The use of chloride deposition rate on the wet candle as an environmental indicator. Ce-ment & Concrete Composites, 32, 427–435.
Moradllo MK, Shekarchi M, Hoseini M (2012). Time-dependent performance of concrete surface coatings in tidal zone of marine environment. Construction and Building Materials, 30, 198–205.
Neville AM (1996). Properties of Concrete. Fourth Edition, Addison Wesley Longman, Essex, England.
Orlikowski J, Cebulski S, Darowicki K (2004). Electrochemical investigations of conductive coatings applied as anodes in cathodic protection of reinforced concrete. Cement & Concrete Composites, 26, 721–728.
Poursaee A (2009). Automatic system for monitoring corrosion of steel in concrete. Advances in Engineering Software, 40, 1179–1182.
Pradhan B (2014). Corrosion behavior of steel reinforcement in concrete exposed to composite chloride–sulfate environment. Construction and Building Materials, 72, 398–410.
Ramesht MH, Tavasani MAM (2013). A Case Study on Corrosion in Concrete Floating Docks in Qeshm Port. Pro-cedia Engineering, 54, 109–116.
Roy SK, Chye LK, Northwood DO (1993). Chloride ingress in concrete as measured by field exposure tests in the atmospheric, tidal, and submerged zones of a tropical marine environment. Cement and Concrete Research, 23, 1289–1306.
Shekarchi M, Rafiee A, Layssi H (2009). Long-term chloride diffusion in silica fume concrete in harsh marine cli-mates. Cement & Concrete Composites, 31, 769–775.
Shubina V, Gaillet L, Chaussadent T, Meylheuc T, Creus J (2016). Biomolecules as a sustainable protection against corrosion of reinforced carbon steel in concrete. Journal of Cleaner Production, 112, 666–671.
Spainhour LK, Wootton IA (2008). Corrosion process and abatement in reinforced concrete wrapped by fiber reinforced polymer. Cement & Concrete Composites, 30, 535–543.
Val DV, Stewart MG (2003) Life-cycle cost analysis of reinforced concrete structures in marine environments. Structural Safety, 25, 343–362.
Valipour M, Shekarchi M, Arezoumandi M (2017). Chlorine diffusion resistivity of sustainable green concrete in harsh marine environments. Journal of Cleaner Production, 142, 4092–4100.
Venkatesan P, Palaniswamy N, Rajagopal K (2006). Corrosion performance of coated reinforcing bars embedded in concrete and exposed to natural marine environment. Progress in Organic Coatings, 56, 8–12.
Vera R., Villarroel M, Carvajal AM, Vera E, Ortiz C (2009). Corrosion products of reinforcement in concrete in marine and industrial environments. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 114, 467–474.
Wang Y, Wu L, Wang Y, Li Q, Xiao Z (2018). Prediction model of long-term chloride diffusion into plain concrete considering the effect of the heterogeneity of materials exposed to marine tidal zone. Construction and Build-ing Materials, 159, 297–315.
Wu L, Li W, Yu X (2017). Time-dependent chloride penetration in concrete in marine Environments. Construc-tion and Building Materials, 152, 406–413.
Xu J, Yao W (2011). Electrochemical studies on the performance of conductive overlay material in cathodic pro-tection of reinforced concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 25, 2655–2662.
Zen K (2005). Corrosion and life cycle management of port structures. Corrosion Science, 47, 2353–2360.
Zhang Z, Yao X, Zhu H (2010a). Potential application of geopolymers as protection coatings for marine concrete I. Basic properties. Applied Clay Science, 49, 1–6.
Zhang Z, Yao X, Zhu H (2010b). Potential application of geopolymers as protection coatings for marine concrete II. Microstructure and anticorrosion mechanism. Applied Clay Science, 49, 7–12.
Zhu W, Francois R, Liu Y (2017). Propagation of corrosion and corrosion patterns of bars embedded in RC beams stored in chloride environment for various periods. Construction and Building Materials, 145, 147–156.
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.